Discovery Institute FAQ
インテリジェントデザインの本山たるDiscovery InstituteのインテリジェントデザインFAQは、おそらくインテリジェントデザイン運動の最も公式なFAQのはず。
1. What is the theory of intelligent design?
インテリジェントデザイン理論とは何か？
The theory of intelligent design holds that certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection.
インテリジェントデザイン理論は、宇宙や生物の、ある種の特徴が、自然選択のような方向性のない過程ではなく、インテリジェントな原因によって最もよく説明できると考える。
2. Is intelligent design science?
インテリジェントデザインは科学か？
Intelligent design (ID) is a scientific theory that employs the methods commonly used by other historical sciences to conclude that certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection. ID theorists argue that design can be inferred by studying the informational properties of natural objects to determine if they bear the type of information that in our experience arise from an intelligent cause. The form of information which we observe is produced by intelligent action, and thus reliably indicates design, is generally called “specified complexity” or “complex and specified information” (CSI). An object or event is complex if it is unlikely, and specified if it matches some independent pattern.
インテリジェントデザインは科学理論で、他の歴史的科学が普通に使う方法を採用しており、宇宙と生物のある種の特徴がインテイジェントな原因によって説明され、自然選択のような方向性のないプロセスでは説明できないと結論する。インテリジェントデザイン理論家は、自然の物体の情報特性を研究することで、インテリジェントな原因から起こる我々の経験の中にある情報のタイプであるのか判断するために、デザインを推論が可能だと論じる。我々が観測する情報の形態がインテリジェントなアクションによって作られ、したがって確かにデザインであることを示していて、それらは一般に"specifid complexity"(指定された複雑さ)あるいは"complex and specified information"(複雑な指定された情報)(CSI)と呼ばれる。ある物体あるいはイベントは、ありそうにないなら複雑であり、何らかの独立したパターンとマッチしていれば指定されている。
Dembskiが
情報量保存則
で定義する情報と、Dembskiの定義する
指定された情報
は違っていて、それらはKolmogorov複雑さやShannonの情報量とも違っているが、それらを
同一視
することことが、「科学」であるのだろう。
3. Is intelligent design simply a response to Darwinian evolution?
インテリジェントデザインはダーウィン進化への反応でしかないのか？
No. Contrary to what many people suppose, the debate over intelligent design is much broader than the debate over Darwin’s theory of evolution. That’s because much of the scientific evidence for intelligent design comes from areas that Darwin’s theory doesn’t even address. In fact, the evidence for intelligent design comes from three main areas: Physics and Cosmology, the Origin of Life, and the Development of Biological Complexity.
違う。多くの人々が思うのと逆に、インテリジェントデザインについての論争は、ダーウィンの進化理論にちての論争より、はるかに幅広い。これは、インテリジェントデザインの科学的証拠の多くは、ダーウィンの理論が解決できない領域から来る。事実、インテリジェントデザインを支持する証拠は、３つの主要な領域から来る。物理及び宇宙論、生命の起源と、生物学的複雑さの発達である。
4. What is the scientific evidence for intelligent design?
インテリジェントデザインを支持する科学的証拠とは何か？
5. Is intelligent design theory incompatible with evolution?
インテリジェントデザインと進化は相容れないか？
It depends on what one means by the word "evolution." If one simply means "change over time," or even that living things are related by common ancestry, then there is no inherent conflict between evolutionary theory and intelligent design theory. However, the dominant theory of evolution today is neo-Darwinism, which contends that evolution is driven by natural selection acting on random mutations, an unpredictable and purposeless process that "has no discernable direction or goal, including survival of a species." (2000 NABT Statement on Teaching Evolution). It is this specific claim made by neo-Darwinism that intelligent design theory directly challenges.
それは進化という言葉が何を意味するかによる。"時間を経ての変化"あるいは生物が共通祖先によって関係しているという意味なら、進化論とインテリジェントデザイン理論の固有の対立はない。しかし今日の主流の進化論はネオ・ダーウィニズムであり、それは進化は自然淘汰が突然変異に働くことで進み、種の存続を含む識別できる方向性や到達点を持たない、予測できない目的のない過程であると主張している(NABT Statement on Teaching Evolution)。このネオ・ダーウィニズムによる主張に対して、インテリジェントデザイン理論は挑んでいる。
ここで主張される「インテリジェントデザインと相容れる進化」は、ユニバーサル共通祖先と切り離された、インテリジェントデザインと矛盾しないように
再定義された進化
である。
6. Is intelligent design based on the Bible?
インテリジェントデザインは聖書に基づいているのか？
No. The idea that human beings can observe signs of intelligent design in nature reaches back to the foundations of both science and civilization. In the Greco-Roman tradition, Plato and Cicero both espoused early versions of intelligent design. In the history of science, most scientists until the latter part of the nineteenth century accepted some form of intelligent design, including Alfred Russel Wallace, the co-discoverer with Charles Darwin of the theory of evolution by natural selection. In the Judeo-Christian tradition, meanwhile, the idea that design can be discerned in nature can be found not only in the Bible but among Jewish philosophers such as Philo and in the writings of the Early Church Fathers. The scientific community largely rejected design in the early twentieth century after neo-Darwinism claimed to be able to explain the emergence of biological complexity through the unintelligent process of natural selection acting on random mutations. In recent decades, however, new research and discoveries in such fields as physics, cosmology, biochemistry, genetics, and paleontology have caused a growing number of scientists and science theorists to question neo-Darwinism and propose intelligent design as the best explanation for the existence of specified complexity throughout the natural world.
違う。自然界にあるインテリジェントデザインの徴候を人間が観測できるという考えは、科学と文明の基礎にさかのぼる。ギリシア・ローマの伝統に、プラトンとキケロはともに、初期バージョンのインテリジェントデザインを支持している。科学の歴史の中で、19世紀後半までの科学者たちの大半は、Charles Darwinの自然選択による進化の理論の共同発見者たるAlfred Russel Wallaceを含め、何らかの形のインテリジェントデザインを受け入れている。ユダヤ・キリスト教の伝統の中では、一方、自然界に見出されるデザインという考えは、聖書のみならず、フィロのようなユダヤの哲学者や、初期教父たちの記述にも見られる。自然選択がランダムな突然変異に対して働くというアンインテリジェントなプロセスで、生物学的複雑さの出現を説明できるとネオダーウィニズムが主張して以降、20世紀初頭には科学界はおおよそデザインを受け入れなくなった。しかし、ここ数十年、物理や宇宙論や生化学や遺伝学や古生物学などの分野での新たな研究と発見が、ネオダーウィニズムを問い、自然界に存在する指定された複雑さの存在についての最良の説明を与えるものてして、インテリジェントデザインを提唱する科学者や科学理論家の数を増やしてきた。
7. Is intelligent design theory the same as creationism?
インテリジェントデザイン理論は創造論と同じか？
No. Intelligent design theory is simply an effort to empirically detect whether the "apparent design" in nature acknowledged by virtually all biologists is genuine design (the product of an intelligent cause) or is simply the product of an undirected process such as natural selection acting on random variations. Creationism is focused on defending a literal reading of the Genesis account, usually including the creation of the earth by the Biblical God a few thousand years ago. Unlike creationism, the scientific theory of intelligent design is agnostic regarding the source of design and has no commitment to defending Genesis, the Bible or any other sacred text. Why, then, do some Darwinists keep trying to conflate intelligent design with creationism? It is a rhetorical strategy on the part of Darwinists who wish to delegitimize design theory without actually addressing the merits of its case.
違う。インテリジェントデザイン理論は、事実上すべての生物学者によって認められる自然の「見た目のデザイン」が本物のデザイン（インテリジェントな原因によるもの）であるか、単に突然変異に自然選択が働くような、方向性のない過程によるものかを経験的に検出する努力である。創造論は創世記の字義通りの記述を擁護するものであり、その記述には、聖書の神による数千年前の地球の創造も含まれる。創造論と違って、インテリジェントデザインの科学理論は、デザインの源について不可知論の立場をとり、創世記や聖書や、いかなる聖典の擁護にもコミットしない。にもかかわらず、一部のダーウィニストたちがインテリジェントデザインを創造論に結び付けるのは何故か？それは、デザイン理論のメリットを指摘することなく、葬り去ろうという一部にダーウィニストたちに修辞戦略だからだ。
一方で、インテリジェントデザイン運動は、、"
Big Tent
"と呼ばれる方針を語る。「地球も宇宙も6000歳で、世界は字義どおり6日間で創造された」と主張する"若い地球の創造論"と、「宇宙と地球について通常科学どおりだが、生物は常に創造され続けてきて人類創造を以って創造終了」と主張する"古い地球の創造論"の両方と互換性をとり、支持者を集めると。
8. Are there established scholars in the scientific community who support intelligent design?
科学界で認められた科学者で、インテリジェントデザインを支持する者はいるか？
Yes. Intelligent design theory is supported by doctoral scientists, researchers, and theorists at a number of universities, colleges, and research institutes around the world. These scholars include biochemist Michael Behe at Lehigh University, microbiologist Scott Minnich at the University of Idaho, biologist Paul Chien at the University of San Francisco, quantum chemist Henry Schaefer at the University of Georgia, geneticist Norman Nevin (emeritus) at Queen's University of Belfast, mathematician Granville Sewell at the University of Texas, El Paso, and medical geneticist Michael Denton. Research centers for intelligent design include the Evolutionary Informatics Lab, led by Robert Marks, Distinguished Professor of Engineering at Baylor University; and the Biologic Institute, led by molecular biologist Douglas Axe, formerly a research scientist at the University of Cambridge, the Cambridge Medical Research Council Centre, and the Babraham Institute in Cambridge.
9. Is research about intelligent design published in peer-reviewed journals and monographs?
インテリジェントデザイン研究は査読論文や専門書で発表されているか？
Yes. Scientists in the intelligent design research community have published their work in numerous peer-reviewed scientific journals and monographs. An annotated listing of selected peer-reviewed publications is available on our website. Peer-reviewed scientific journals in which scientists favorable to intelligent design have published their work include Protein Science, Journal of Molecular Biology, Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling, Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics, Quarterly Review of Biology, Cell Biology International, Rivista di Biologia/Biology Forum, Physics of Life Reviews, and Annual Review of Genetics. In addition, scientists open to debating the question of design in biology have established the open-access peer-reviewed biology journal BIO-Complexity, which publishes original research related to the origin and development of biological information. The editorial advisory board for BIO-Complexity includes 29 eminent scientists from academic institutions around the world such as the Rochester Institute of Technology, Wake Forest University, the University of Georgia, the University of Bristol, the University of Utah, the University of Pittsburgh, the University of Wisconsin-Superior, Queen's University of Belfast, the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, and the University of St. Andrews.
Although intelligent design scientists regularly publish peer-reviewed research, it needs to be noted that many breakthroughs in science were originally published as non-peer-reviewed articles or books, including Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. Moreover, in recent years peer-review has come under significant criticism for illegitimately censoring many good scientific ideas and slowing the advance of scientific research.
Finally, some critics of intelligent design are actively seeking to undermine the peer-review process to prevent articles from scientists supportive of intelligent design from being published. In one case, a journal that inappropriately withdrew an article by an intelligent design proponent after it had passed peer-review paid $10,000 and issued an apology to the scientist for its misconduct.
10. What about the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and its resolution against intelligent design?
AAAS及び、そに反インテリジェントデザイン決議については？
In 2002 the board of the AAAS issued a resolution attacking intelligent design theory as unscientific. Unfortunately, the process by which this resolution was adopted was itself anything but scientific. In fact, the resolution was more a product of prejudice than impartial investigation. After the resolution was issued, members of the AAAS Board were surveyed about what books and articles by scientists favoring intelligent design they had actually read before adopting their resolution. Alan Leshner, the Chief Executive Officer of the AAAS, declined to specify any and replied instead that the issue had been analyzed by his group's policy staff. Two other AAAS board members similarly declined to identify anything they had read by design proponents, while yet another board member volunteered that she had perused unspecified sources on the Internet. In other words, AAAS board members apparently voted to brand intelligent design as unscientific without studying for themselves the academic books and articles by scientists proposing the theory. It should be noted that a number of the scientists supportive of intelligent design theory are members of the AAAS, so the AAAS board clearly does not speak for all members of that organization.
最終更新：2013年11月16日 10:30
