Claim CC216.1:
There are gaps between land mammals and whales.
陸上の哺乳類とクジラの間には隙間がある


Response:
  1. 地上の哺乳類からクジラへの移行系列はまったく強固である。これらについてのBabinski[2003]やZimmer[1998]の図参照:
    1. Pakicetus inachus: 初期始新世の最新[Gingerich et al. 1983; Thewissen and Hussain 1993]
    2. Ambulocetus natans: 初期から中期始新世で、Pakicetusより後。これは泳ぐのに適応した短い前足と後足を持つ。波状の脊椎が泳ぐのに順応していた。これは明らかに地上で歩けて、水中を泳げた[Thewissen et al. 1994]。
    3. Indocetus ramani: 中期始新世の最初[Gingerich et al. 1993]。
    4. Dorudon: 後期始新世の優位なクジラ。小さな後足は歩くのには使えない。
    5. Basilosaurus: 中期始新世かそれ以後。構造的は完全な足を持つ、完全に水生のクジラ[Gingerich et al. 1990]。
    6. 初期のヒゲクジラは前方に噴気孔があり、地上の哺乳類にあって、この後のクジラにはない構造がある[Stricherz 1998]。
  2. クジラに最も近いのはカバである。anthracotheresとしてい知られる類はクジラとカバをつなぐものである[Boisserie et al. 2005]。クジラとカバの共通祖先は原始的な偶蹄目と思われる。初期のクジラであるArtiocetusやRodhocetusの足首の骨格は偶蹄目に特徴的な特徴を見せている[Gingerich et al. 2001]。

Links:
  1. Babinski, E. T., 2003. Cetacean evolution (whales, dolphins, porpoises)
  2. Sutera, Raymond, 2001. The origin of whales and the power of independent evidence. Reports of the National Center for Science Education 20(5): 33-41.

References:
  1. Boisserie, Jean-Renaud, Fabrice Lihoreau and Michel Brunet. 2005. The position of Hippopotamidae within Cetartiodactyla. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 102(5): 1537-1541.
  2. Gingerich, P. D. et al., 1983. Origin of whales in epicontinental remnant seas: New evidence from the Early Eocene of Pakistan. Science 220: 403-406.
  3. Gingerich, P. D., B. H. Smith, and E. L. Simons, 1990. Hind limb of Eocene Basilosaurus: Evidence of feet in whales. Science 249: 154-157.
  4. Gingerich, P. D. et al., 1993. Partial skeletons of Indocetus ramani [Mammalia, Cetacea] from the Lower Middle Eocene Domanda Shale in the Sulaiman Range of Punjab [Pakistan]. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology of the University of Michigan 28: 393-416.
  5. Gingerich, P. D. et al., 1994. New whale from the Eocene of Pakistan and the origin of cetacean swimming. Nature 368: 844-847.
  6. Gingerich, P. D. et al. 2001. Origin of whales from early artiodactyls: Hands and feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan. Science 293: 2239-2242. See also: Rose, K. D. 2001. The ancestry of whales. Science 293: 2216-2217.
  7. Thewissen, J. G. M. and S. T. Hussain, 1993. Origin of underwater hearing in whales. Nature 361: 444-445.
  8. Thewissen, J. G. M., S. T. Hussain and M. Arif, 1994. Fossil evidence for the origin of aquatic locomotion in archaeocete whales. Science 263: 210-212. See also Berta, A., 1994. What is a whale? Science 263: 180-181.
  9. Stricherz, Vince, 1998 (10 Oct.). Burke displays fossil of toothless whale. See also URL

Futher Readings:
  1. Gould, S. J. 1995. Hooking leviathan by its past. In: Dinosaur in a Haystack. New York: Harmony Books, pp. 359-376.
  2. Pojeta, John Jr. and Dale A. Springer. 2001. Evolution and the Fossil Record, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA. , PDF
  3. Thewissen, J. G. M. (ed.). 1998. The Emergence of Whales: evolutionary patterns in the origin of Cetacea. New York: Plenum. (technical)
  4. Thewissen, J. G. M., S. I. Madar, and S. T. Hussain. 1998. Whale ankles and evolutionary relationships. Nature 395: 452. See also Wong, K., 1999 (Jan.). Cetacean creation. Scientific American 280(1): 26,30.
  5. Thewissen, J. G. M. and E. M. Williams. 2002. The early radiations of Cetacea (Mammalia): Evolutionary pattern and developmental correlations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33: 73-90. (technical)
  6. Zimmer, Carl. 1995. Back to the sea. Discover 16(1) (Jan.): 82-84.
  7. Zimmer, Carl. 1998. At the Water's Edge. New York: Touchstone, ch. 6-10.




最終更新:2009年10月23日 00:28